Identification and verification of quantitative trait loci for eating and cooking quality of rice (Oryza sativa)

This study was conducted to identify new quantitative trait loci (QTLs) that have stable effects for eating and cooking quality (ECQ) of rice. Three recombinant inbred line populations of indica rice were each planted in two years. Three traits for ECQ, amylose content (AC), gel consistency (GC) and alkali spreading value (ASV), were measured for QTL analysis. A total of 13 QTLs were detected, including four for AC, six for ASV and three for GC. Two QTLs, qGC4 in the interval RM16252–RM335 on the short arm of chromosome 4 and qGC6.2 in the Alk region, were validated in a population derived from a residual heterozygote that was homozygous at the major locus Wx. In the absence of segregation at the Wx locus, qGC4 and qGC6.2 had additive effects of 2.46 and 8.18 mm, respectively, offering a potential for improving GC property of rice varieties. Comparison between qGC4 and previous results suggests that qGC4 is likely a new QTL for GC, providing a candidate for gene cloning and functional characterization.     

构树形态特征及种子育苗技术

阐述了构树的形态特征,并从种子采集与处理、整地做床、播种、苗木管理等方面总结了种子育苗技术,以供参考。     

Genomewide association study reveals novel quantitative trait loci associated with resistance towards Septoria tritici blotch in North European winter wheat

Fungal diseases are a major constraint for wheat production. Effective disease resistance is essential for ensuring a high production quality and yield. One of the most severe fungal diseases of wheat is Septoria tritici blotch (STB), which influences wheat production across the world. In this study, genomewide association mapping was used to identify new chromosomal regions on the wheat genome conferring effective resistance towards STB. A winter wheat population of 164 North European varieties and breeding lines was genotyped with 15K single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) wheat array. The varieties were evaluated for STB in field trials at three locations in Denmark and across 3 years. The association analysis revealed four quantitative trait loci, on chromosomes 1B, 2A, 5D and 7A, highly associated with STB resistance. By comparing varieties containing several quantitative trait loci (QTL) with varieties containing none of the found QTL, a significant difference was found in the mean disease score. This indicates that an effective resistance can be obtained by pyramiding several QTL.     

小麦茎秆实心度对茎秆强度的影响及相关性状QTL分析

在QTL水平上研究茎秆实心度与强度的遗传关系及实心度对茎秆强度的影响,为小麦抗倒伏育种提供依据。利用普通小麦宁麦18与实秆小麦种质"武云实秆"的F2群体和F2:3家系,对小麦茎秆强度、实心度及影响实心度的相关性状包括厚径比、壁厚、茎粗和髓腔直径进行了相关分析,并对茎秆强度相关性状QTL进行分子标记定位及遗传效应分析。结果表明小麦茎秆强度与厚径比、壁厚均呈极显著正相关,与髓腔直径呈极显著负相关。基于复合区间作图法进行QTL定位,检测到与茎秆强度、厚径比、壁厚、茎粗和髓腔直径相关QTL共23个,分布在1B、3B、4A、4B、5A上,表型贡献率3.5%~44.0%。在染色体3B、4A和5A上的标记区间gwm547–gwm247、wmc718–wmc468和gwm156–gwm443均检测到贡献率很高的茎秆实心度相关QTL,说明在这3条染色体上可能存在控制茎秆强度的主效QTL。用普通小麦宁麦13(N13)×武云实秆的24个F7家系检验分子标记gwm247的可靠性表明利用标记gwm247选育茎秆实心度优于宁麦13的概率较大。研究结果为进一步精细定位相关主效QTL以及分子标记辅助改良小麦茎秆强度奠定了基础。     

Mapping and validation of the quantitative trait loci for leaf stay‐green‐associated parameters in maize

Functional stay‐green is generally regarded as a desirable trait of varieties in major crops including maize. In this study, we used an F_3:4 recombinant inbred line population with 165 lines from a cross between a stay‐green inbred line (Zheng58) and a model inbred line (B73) using 211 polymorphic simple sequence repeat markers to map quantitative trait loci for three stay‐green‐associated parameters, chlorophyll content, photosystem II photochemical efficiency and stay‐green area, at maturity stage, detected a total of 23 quantitative trait loci (QTL) on nine chromosomes. Single QTL explained 3.7–13.5% of the phenotypic variance. Additionally, we validated some important stay‐green QTL using a heterogeneous inbred family approach and found that the stay‐green‐associated parameters were significantly correlated with the plant yield. This study may contribute to a better insight into the regulatory mechanism behind leaf stay‐green in maize and a novel development of elite maize varieties with delayed leaf senescence through molecular marker‐assisted selection.     

外源硒处理对优质地方水稻品种产量及稻米硒氮磷钾含量的影响

旨在研究外源硒处理对不同类型优质地方常规稻产量及硒氮磷钾含量的影响。以籼稻品种(‘泰选1号’)和粳稻品种(‘粳选1号’)为材料,采用完全随机设计,于较高海拔山区试验田(800 m以上)进行不同浓度硒处理试验。结果表明:施用外源硒处理后不会降低两个品种的稻谷产量;随外施硒浓度的提高,两个水稻品种精米及米糠硒含量均显著提高,粳稻品种在0~15 g/hm2外源硒浓度范围内随硒浓度的增加,精米中硒含量的增加率呈较高的线性模式增长;而高浓度硒处理下,粳稻精米率、整精米率显著降低;随外施硒浓度的增加,水稻精米中氮钾元素含量与硒含量从极显著正相关变为极显著负相关。在硒浓度较低的环境下,适当增加氮、钾肥的施用量能促进水稻对硒元素的吸收积累,高浓度反之。因此,对优质地方常规稻外施硒以提高品质与硒元素积累的研究是可行的。     

桃若干重要特异性状的遗传趋向分析

为了明确桃树菊花花形、窄叶形、白化与黄化叶色及盘龙形与垂枝形树形等6个性状的遗传特性,以‘粉菊花桃’ב红根甘肃桃1号’、‘红花重瓣垂枝桃’(简称‘红垂枝’)ב粉菊花桃’、‘S9’ב粉菊花桃’、‘粉菊花桃’ב瑞光2号’、‘红珊瑚’×(‘粉菊花桃’ב瑞光2号’)为组合配制F_1和F_2代,研究菊花花形、叶片白化及垂枝树形的遗传特性;以‘98-4-32’ב金蜜狭叶桃’、‘99-7-14’ב金蜜狭叶桃’及‘99-7-15’ב金蜜狭叶桃’为组合配制F_1和F_2代,研究窄叶形遗传趋向;以‘北京2-7’ב白花山碧桃’为组合配制F_1和F_2代,研究叶片黄化遗传特点;以‘红垂枝’ב帚形山桃’及‘96-7-56’ב帚形山桃’为组合配制F_1和F_2代,研究盘龙形树形的遗传。结果表明:在蔷薇花形与菊花花形组合中,"蔷薇形/菊花形"表现出2对等位基因(Ch/ch及Ch_2/ch_2)控制的遗传特性,且蔷薇形对菊花形为显性;在铃形花形与菊花花形组合中,F_1代蔷薇形表现为二者的中间类型。在‘98-4-32’ב金蜜狭叶桃’及‘99-7-14’ב金蜜狭叶桃’组合中,"宽叶/窄叶"表现出2对等位基因(Nl/nl及Nl_2/nl_2)控制的遗传特性,且宽叶对窄叶为显性;在‘99-7-15’ב金蜜狭叶桃’组合中,"宽叶/窄叶"表现出1对等位基因控制的遗传特性。叶片"正常/白化"表现出1对等位基因(Wl/wl)控制的遗传特性,且正常对白化为显性,白化基因可能来自‘粉菊花桃’;叶片"正常/黄化"表现出2对等位基因(Yl/yl及Yl_2/yl_2)控制的遗传特性,其中1对为显性时对另一对具有抑制作用,黄化基因可能来自‘白花山碧桃’。直立树形同时表现为盘龙形与垂枝形及盘龙形与开张形的中间类型;"开张形/垂枝形"表现出1对等位基因(We/we)控制的遗传特性,且开张对垂枝为显性。结论:菊花花形由2对隐性基因(chchch_2ch_2)控制;窄叶形可能由2对隐性基因(nlnlnl_2nl_2)控制;叶片白化由1对隐性基因(wlwl)控制;叶片黄化可能由2对等位基因(Yl_yl_2yl_2或Yl_2_ylyl)控制;仅盘龙形与直立形由1对等位基因(Br_2/br_2)控制,其中盘龙形基因型为br_2br_2;垂枝形由1对隐性基因(wewe)控制。     

普通菜豆籽粒大小与形状的QTL定位

普通菜豆是世界上最重要的食用豆类作物之一,其籽粒大小和形状与产量及外观品质密切相关。本研究以来自安第斯基因库的大粒品种龙270709和来自中美基因库的小粒品种F5910配置杂交组合,获得的F2分离群体分别在哈尔滨大田与北京昌平温室种植,对百粒重、粒长、粒宽、粒厚、长宽比和长厚比6个籽粒性状进行了相关性分析和QTL定位。相关性分析表明,百粒重与粒长、粒宽、粒厚、长宽比、长厚比5个衡量籽粒大小和形状的性状均显著正相关。利用基于完备区间作图方法的Ici Mapping 4.1进行QTL定位,哈尔滨环境下定位到38个与百粒重、粒长、粒宽、粒厚、长宽比、长厚比相关的QTL,表型贡献率介于2.39%~17.37%之间,分布在除第1染色体外的其余10条染色体上;北京昌平环境下定位到21个上述性状的QTL,表型贡献率介于5.92%~22.53%之间,分布在第1、第3、第6、第7、第8、第9和第11染色体上。其中,百粒重QTLSW7与SW7’,SW6.1与SW6’,粒长QTLSL6.1与SL6.1’,粒厚QTLSH11与SH11’在2个环境下的标记区间重叠或者重合,SW7、SW6.1、SL6.1、SW6’和SL6.1’的表型贡献率在10%以上。     

生物有机液体混合肥对甜高粱根系形态特征的影响

为揭示生物液体有机混合肥对陕北农牧交错区青贮饲草作物根系形态特征的影响,通过盆栽控制试验,以甜高粱(Sorghum bicolor L.)为材料,设置不同浓度的生物活性水(BMW)(B1、B2、B3和B4)和Aidoora溶液(A1、A2和A3)处理,并测定甜高粱幼苗期的根系形态特征。结果表明:在大多数单一液体肥和混合液体肥下,甜高粱的根系生物量(RB)、根冠比(RSR)、根系体积(RV)、总根长(TRL)、根系表面积(RSA)、平均根直径(RAD)、比根长(SRL)和比根面积(SRA)均显著高于CK,表明BMW和Aidoora溶液有利于促进甜高粱苗期根系生物量积累和根系吸收能力;甜高粱的RB、TRL和RSA两两间均呈明显的正相关关系,表明根系表面积和总根长均随着根系生物量的升高而增加。综上分析表明,B3A2和B3A3相对于其他BMW和Aidoora混合液体肥,有利于促进甜高粱幼苗根系生物量积累和根系形态建成。     

Comparative Study on Carcass Traits and Meat Quality of Different Month Old of Xinjiang Brown Cattle Steers

In this research,12 heads of 28 to 30 months (low months age group) and 8 heads of 32 to 34 months (high months age group) Xinjiang Brown cattle steers which fed in the same mode of nutrition were chose for the slaughter test,in which the carcass traits,nutrient composition and some edible quality index were measured and comparative analyzed,a research which through comparative analysis the carcass traits and meat quality of nutritional components of different months of Xinjiang Brown cattle steers was carried out.The results indicated that the marbling,carcass grade,fat,meat color of high months age group were better than that of low months age group,the traits of the low months age group on fat color,moisture,protein,cooking loss and shear force value were better than that of high months age group,and there were significant difference on the traits of fat and meat color L^* between the two groups (P<0.05),while the differences of other traits between them were not significant (P>0.05);As high-grade beef,in addition to the traits of meat color and pH value of the chunk roll,tenderloin and striploin,each site of the meat traits on the fat,protein,moisture,cooking loss,shear force value indicators were all better than other parts,and showed the best of nutritional value and edible quality.28 to 34 months of Xinjiang Brown cattle steers could produce high-grade beef,the meat could be used as the raw materials of steak and boiled beef.